{"id":80,"date":"2024-08-08T14:35:33","date_gmt":"2024-08-08T14:35:33","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/turkishfluent.com\/blog\/?p=80"},"modified":"2025-01-07T07:56:16","modified_gmt":"2025-01-07T07:56:16","slug":"vowel-harmony-in-turkish","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/turkishfluent.com\/blog\/vowel-harmony-in-turkish\/","title":{"rendered":"The Vowel Harmony in Turkish"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<div id=\"ez-toc-container\" class=\"ez-toc-v2_0_84 counter-hierarchy ez-toc-counter ez-toc-grey ez-toc-container-direction\">\n<div class=\"ez-toc-title-container\">\n<p class=\"ez-toc-title\" style=\"cursor:inherit\">Table of Contents<\/p>\n<span class=\"ez-toc-title-toggle\"><\/span><\/div>\n<nav><ul class='ez-toc-list ez-toc-list-level-1 ' ><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-1\" href=\"https:\/\/turkishfluent.com\/blog\/vowel-harmony-in-turkish\/#Introduction\" >Introduction<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-2\" href=\"https:\/\/turkishfluent.com\/blog\/vowel-harmony-in-turkish\/#II_%E2%80%93_E-type_Vowel_Harmony\" >II &#8211; E-type Vowel Harmony<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-3\" href=\"https:\/\/turkishfluent.com\/blog\/vowel-harmony-in-turkish\/#III_%E2%80%93_I-type_Vowel_Harmony\" >III &#8211; I-type Vowel Harmony<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-4\" href=\"https:\/\/turkishfluent.com\/blog\/vowel-harmony-in-turkish\/#IV_%E2%80%93_Exceptions_and_Irregularities\" >IV &#8211; Exceptions and Irregularities<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-5\" href=\"https:\/\/turkishfluent.com\/blog\/vowel-harmony-in-turkish\/#Conclusion\" >Conclusion<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/nav><\/div>\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Introduction\"><\/span>Introduction<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">What is Vowel Harmony?<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Vowel harmony is a fundamental aspect of the Turkish language, ensuring that <strong>vowels within a word are compatible with one another<\/strong>. This linguistic feature plays a crucial role in<strong> maintaining phonetic coherence and smoothness in speech<\/strong>. Understanding and mastering vowel harmony is essential for anyone learning Turkish, as it affects word formation and pronunciation.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Types of Vowels in Turkish<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">As mentioned in our <a href=\"https:\/\/turkishfluent.com\/blog\/turkish-alphabet\/\">Turkish alphabet article<\/a>, there are 8 vowels in Turkish: a, e, \u0131, i, o, \u00f6, u and \u00fc.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The Turkish vowel harmony is ruled by how you form vowel sounds with your tongue and mouth. There are three different variables:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ol class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>Front vs. Back Vowels<\/strong>: This classification is based on the position of the tongue: \n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>Front vowels (e, i, \u00f6, \u00fc)<\/strong> are produced with the tongue positioned closer to the front of the mouth&nbsp;;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Back vowels (a, \u0131, o, u)<\/strong> are articulated with the tongue pulled back.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Open vs. Closed Vowels<\/strong>: This distinction refers to how much space you leave between your tongue and the roof of your mouth. \n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>Open vowels (a, e)<\/strong> have more space&nbsp;;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Closed vowels (\u0131, i, u, \u00fc)<\/strong> have less space.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Unrounded vs. Rounded Vowels<\/strong>: This category is determined by the shape of the lips. \n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>Unrounded vowels (a, e, \u0131, i)<\/strong> are pronounced with relaxed lips&nbsp;;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Rounded vowels (o, \u00f6, u, \u00fc)<\/strong> involve rounding the lips.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Turkish vowel harmony is generally divided into two main types: <strong>e-type vowel harmony<\/strong> and <strong>i-type vowel harmony<\/strong>. These types determine the form of suffixes added to words based on the last vowel in the root word. Each type is used for different cases.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"margin-top:32px;border-radius:5px;background-color:#990707;margin:24px 0;\">\n\t\t\t<iframe data-w-type=\"embedded\" frameborder=\"0\" scrolling=\"no\" marginheight=\"0\" marginwidth=\"0\" src=\"https:\/\/sz8or.mjt.lu\/wgt\/sz8or\/xu9j\/form?c=0e79a5f9\" width=\"100%\" style=\"height: 0;\"><\/iframe>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<script type=\"text\/javascript\" src=\"https:\/\/app.mailjet.com\/pas-nc-embedded-v1.js\"><\/script><h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"II_%E2%80%93_E-type_Vowel_Harmony\"><\/span>II &#8211; E-type Vowel Harmony<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">2.1 Definition and Explanation<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">E-type vowel harmony, also known as &#8220;large vowel harmony,&#8221; is based on the <strong>distinction between front and back vowels<\/strong>. It dictates that the vowels in the suffixes <strong>should match<\/strong> the type of the last vowel in the root word. If the last vowel in the root word is a front vowel, the suffix will also contain front vowels. Conversely, if the last vowel is a back vowel, the suffix will contain back vowels.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Here are the rules for e-type vowel harmony:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>If the last vowel in the word is&nbsp;<em>a<\/em>,&nbsp;<em>\u0131<\/em>,&nbsp;<em>o<\/em>, or&nbsp;<em>u<\/em>, use the&nbsp;<em>a<\/em>&nbsp;form.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>If the last vowel in the word is&nbsp;<em>e<\/em>,&nbsp;<em>i<\/em>,&nbsp;<em>\u00f6<\/em>, or&nbsp;<em>\u00fc<\/em>, use the&nbsp;<em>e<\/em>&nbsp;form.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">2.2 Examples and Usage<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">E-type vowel harmony is used in the following cases:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>Plural Suffix: -ler \/ -lar<\/strong>\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>&#8220;ev&#8221; (house) + &#8220;-ler&#8221; = &#8220;evler&#8221; (houses) (e =&gt; e ; front vowel harmony)<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>&#8220;kitap&#8221; (book) + &#8220;-lar&#8221; = &#8220;kitaplar&#8221; (books) (a =&gt; a ; back vowel harmony)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Dative Case Suffix: -e \/ -a<\/strong>\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>&#8220;anne&#8221; (mother) + &#8220;-e&#8221; = &#8220;anneye&#8221; (to the mother) (e =&gt; e ; front vowel harmony)<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>&#8220;araba&#8221; (car) + &#8220;-a&#8221; = &#8220;arabaya&#8221; (to the car) (a =&gt; a ; back vowel harmony)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Locative Case Suffix: -de \/ -da<\/strong>\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>&#8220;\u015fehir&#8221; (city) + &#8220;-de&#8221; = &#8220;\u015fehirde&#8221; (in the city) (i =&gt; e ; front vowel harmony)<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>&#8220;oda&#8221; (room) + &#8220;-da&#8221; = &#8220;odada&#8221; (in the room) (a =&gt; a ; back vowel harmony)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Ablative Case Suffix: -den \/ -dan<\/strong>\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>&#8220;g\u00f6l&#8221; (lake) + &#8220;-den&#8221; = &#8220;g\u00f6lden&#8221; (from the lake) (\u00f6 =&gt; e ; front vowel harmony)<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>&#8220;a\u011fa\u00e7&#8221; (tree) + &#8220;-dan&#8221; = &#8220;a\u011fa\u00e7tan&#8221; (from the tree) (a =&gt; a ; back vowel harmony)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Negative Adjective Suffix: -siz \/ -s\u0131z \/ -s\u00fcz \/ -suz<\/strong>\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>&#8220;su&#8221; (water) + &#8220;-suz&#8221; = &#8220;susuz&#8221; (without water) (u =&gt; u ; back vowel harmony)<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>&#8220;\u0131\u015f\u0131k&#8221; (light) + &#8220;-s\u0131z&#8221; = &#8220;\u0131\u015f\u0131ks\u0131z&#8221; (without light) (\u0131 =&gt; \u0131 ; back vowel harmony)<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>&#8220;g\u00fcl&#8221; (rose) + &#8220;-s\u00fcz&#8221; = &#8220;g\u00fcls\u00fcz&#8221; (without roses) (\u00fc => \u00fc ; front vowel harmony)<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>&#8220;ev&#8221; (house) + &#8220;-siz&#8221; = &#8220;evsiz&#8221; (without a house) (e => i ; front vowel harmony)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"III_%E2%80%93_I-type_Vowel_Harmony\"><\/span>III &#8211; I-type Vowel Harmony<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">3.1 Definition and Explanation<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">I-type vowel harmony, or &#8220;small vowel harmony,&#8221; distinguishes between rounded and unrounded vowels. If the last vowel in the root word is a rounded vowel, the suffix will also contain rounded vowels. If the last vowel is unrounded, the suffix will have unrounded vowels.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Here are the rules for i-type vowel harmony:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>If the last vowel in the word is&nbsp;<em>e<\/em>&nbsp;or&nbsp;<em>i<\/em>, use the&nbsp;<em>i<\/em>&nbsp;form.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>If the last vowel in the word is&nbsp;<em>a<\/em>&nbsp;or&nbsp;<em>\u0131<\/em>, use the&nbsp;<em>\u0131<\/em>&nbsp;form.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>If the last vowel in the word is&nbsp;<em>o<\/em>&nbsp;or&nbsp;<em>u<\/em>, use the&nbsp;<em>u<\/em>&nbsp;form.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>If the last vowel in the word is&nbsp;<em>\u00f6<\/em>&nbsp;or&nbsp;<em>\u00fc<\/em>, use the&nbsp;<em>\u00fc<\/em>&nbsp;form.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">3.2 Examples and Usage<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">I-type vowel harmony is used in the following cases:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>Possessive Suffixes (2nd person singular -in \/ -\u0131n \/ -\u00fcn \/ -un):<\/strong>\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>&#8220;ev&#8221; (house) + &#8220;-in&#8221; = &#8220;evin&#8221; (your house) (e =&gt; i ; unrounded vowel harmony)<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>&#8220;okul&#8221; (school) + &#8220;-un&#8221; = &#8220;okulun&#8221; (your school) (u =&gt; u ; rounded vowel harmony)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Possessive Suffixes (1st person singular -im \/ -\u0131m \/ -\u00fcm \/ -um):<\/strong>\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>&#8220;kitap&#8221; (book) + &#8220;-\u0131m&#8221; = &#8220;kitab\u0131m&#8221; (my book) (a =&gt; \u0131 ; unrounded vowel harmony)<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>&#8220;g\u00fcl&#8221; (rose) + &#8220;-\u00fcm&#8221; = &#8220;g\u00fcl\u00fcm&#8221; (my rose) (\u00fc =&gt; \u00fc ; rounded vowel harmony)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Accusative Case Suffix (-i \/ -\u0131 \/ -\u00fc \/ -u):<\/strong>\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>&#8220;kedi&#8221; (cat) + &#8220;-yi&#8221; = &#8220;kediyi&#8221; (the cat) (i =&gt; i ; unrounded vowel harmony)<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>&#8220;su&#8221; (water) + &#8220;-yu&#8221; = &#8220;suyu&#8221; (the water) (u =&gt; y ; rounded vowel harmony)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Genitive Case Suffix (-in \/ -\u0131n \/ -\u00fcn \/ -un):<\/strong>\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>&#8220;ev&#8221; (house) + &#8220;-in&#8221; = &#8220;evin&#8221; (of the house) (e =&gt; i ; unrounded vowel harmony)<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>&#8220;okul&#8221; (school) + &#8220;-un&#8221; = &#8220;okulun&#8221; (of the school) (u =&gt; u ; rounded vowel harmony)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Adjective Suffix (-li \/ -l\u0131 \/ -l\u00fc \/ -lu):<\/strong>\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>&#8220;\u015feker&#8221; (sugar) + &#8220;-li&#8221; = &#8220;\u015fekerli&#8221; (with sugar) (e =&gt; i ; unrounded vowel harmony)<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>&#8220;ya\u011f&#8221; (oil) + &#8220;-l\u0131&#8221; = &#8220;ya\u011fl\u0131&#8221; (with oil) (a =&gt; \u0131 ; unrounded vowel harmony)<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>&#8220;g\u00f6l&#8221; (lake) + &#8220;-l\u00fc&#8221; = &#8220;g\u00f6ll\u00fc&#8221; (with a lake) (\u00f6 =&gt; \u00fc ; rounded vowel harmony)<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>&#8220;bal&#8221; (honey) + &#8220;-l\u0131&#8221; = &#8220;ball\u0131&#8221; (with honey) (a =&gt; \u0131 ; unrounded vowel harmony)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Question Suffix (-mi \/ -m\u0131 \/ -m\u00fc \/ -mu):<\/strong>\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>&#8220;ev&#8221; (house) + &#8220;-mi?&#8221; = &#8220;ev mi?&#8221; (is it a house?) (e =&gt; i ; unrounded vowel harmony)<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>&#8220;oda&#8221; (room) + &#8220;-m\u0131?&#8221; = &#8220;oda m\u0131?&#8221; (is it a room?) (a =&gt; \u0131 ; unrounded vowel harmony)<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>&#8220;g\u00fcl&#8221; (rose) + &#8220;-m\u00fc?&#8221; = &#8220;g\u00fcl m\u00fc?&#8221; (is it a rose?) (\u00fc =&gt; \u00fc ; rounded vowel harmony)<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>&#8220;su&#8221; (water) + &#8220;-mu?&#8221; = &#8220;su mu?&#8221; (is it water?) (u =&gt; u ; rounded vowel harmony)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"IV_%E2%80%93_Exceptions_and_Irregularities\"><\/span>IV &#8211; Exceptions and Irregularities<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">While vowel harmony is a general rule in Turkish, there are some exceptions, especially with loanwords (words borrowed from other languages). Here are some common exceptions and irregularities:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>&#8220;kalp&#8221; (heart) + &#8220;-ler&#8221; = &#8220;kalpler&#8221; (hearts)<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>&#8220;hayal&#8221; (dream) + &#8220;-ler&#8221; = &#8220;hayaller&#8221; (dreams)<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>&#8220;alkol&#8221; (alcohol) + &#8220;-ler&#8221; = &#8220;alkoller&#8221; (alcohols)<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>&#8220;seyahat&#8221; (travel) + &#8220;-ler&#8221; = &#8220;seyahatler&#8221; (travels)<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>&#8220;saat&#8221; (clock) + &#8220;-ler&#8221; = &#8220;saatler&#8221; (clocks)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Conclusion\"><\/span>Conclusion<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The vowel harmony is one of the basic rules of Turkish language. If it seems hard at first sight, no worries, you will learn it by reading and practicing. Here is a summary of the Turkish vowel harmony rules:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-table\"><table class=\"has-fixed-layout\"><tbody><tr><td><strong>Last Vowel in Root Word<\/strong><\/td><td><strong>e-type Vowel Harmony (Dative)<\/strong><\/td><td><strong>i-type Vowel Harmony (Accusative)<\/strong><\/td><\/tr><tr><td><strong>a (araba)<\/strong><\/td><td>a (arabaya)<\/td><td>\u0131 (arabay\u0131)<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><strong>e (ev)<\/strong><\/td><td>e (eve)<\/td><td>i (evi)<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><strong>\u0131 (s\u0131ra)<\/strong><\/td><td>a (s\u0131raya)<\/td><td>\u0131 (s\u0131ray\u0131)<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><strong>i (gemi)<\/strong><\/td><td>e (gemiye)<\/td><td>i (gemiyi)<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><strong>o (okul)<\/strong><\/td><td>a (okula)<\/td><td>u (okulu)<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><strong>\u00f6 (g\u00f6l)<\/strong><\/td><td>e (g\u00f6le)<\/td><td>\u00fc (g\u00f6l\u00fc)<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><strong>u (su)<\/strong><\/td><td>a (suya)<\/td><td>u (suyu)<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><strong>\u00fc (g\u00fcl)<\/strong><\/td><td>e (g\u00fcle)<\/td><td>\u00fc (g\u00fcl\u00fc)<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\"><strong>Next read:<\/strong><\/span> <a href=\"https:\/\/turkishfluent.com\/blog\/the-consonant-harmony-in-turkish\/\">The consonant harmony in Turkish<\/a>.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<a href=\"https:\/\/turkishfluent.com\/blog\/vowel-harmony-in-turkish\/\" rel=\"bookmark\" title=\"Permalink to The Vowel Harmony in Turkish\"><p>Vowel harmony is a fundamental aspect of the Turkish language to maintain phonetic coherence and smoothness in speech. Here are the rules you need to know.<\/p>\n<\/a>","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":90,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[3],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-80","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","category-grammar","h-entry","hentry"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v27.7 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>The Vowel Harmony in Turkish: A Comprehensive Guide<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Discover what is vowel harmony in Turkish with examples. 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